Fig. 3: Reduction behaviour of catalysts studied using in situ XAS.

a–f, In situ XANES spectra at the Fe K edge measured during temperature-programmed reduction of xFe–yMn catalysts at 15 bar in a 50 vol%H2/N2 flow (Supplementary Fig. 12) (a, c and e) and evolution of the fraction of Fe species determined via LCA analysis of the corresponding XANES spectra (b, d and f) for 10Fe–0Mn (a,b), 9Fe–1Mn (c,d) and 7Fe–3Mn (e,f). The error bars in b, d and f represent the standard error of the weight coefficients obtained from LCA using 64 data points.