Fig. 1
From: The paraspecific neutralisation of snake venom induced coagulopathy by antivenoms
Convergent evolution of procoagulant venom activity and in vitro neutralisation by antivenoms. a The convergent evolution of procoagulant venom function and the potency of the snake venoms used in this study overlaid onto a species phylogeny (cladogram). Procoagulant venom activity has evolved independently on at least six occasions (red arrows) in the advanced snakes. Black arrows indicate loss events. Colouring of branches indicates the procoagulant potency as defined in the key. Numbers at key nodes represent the proportional likelihoods of procoagulant venom function being the ancestral state at that node. b The neutralisation of procoagulant venom activity in the plasma assay by various antivenoms overlaid onto species trees pruned to include only those venoms found to be procoagulant. Red shading highlights neutralisation of coagulation. The species used to raise the various antivenom antibodies are highlighted in white boxes. Divergence times (millions of years) are indicated at key blue coloured nodes on the tree: 54.3, base of the advanced snake radiation; 47.4, base of viper radiation; 31.2, 30.3, 22.1, 22.0 and 19.4, key internal nodes within vipers; 46.3, split of elapids from colubrids and natricines; 39.8, split of colubrids from natricines; 6.5, split of Psuedonaja and Oxyuranus. For both sets of trees, the species relationships and divergence times were reconstructed from previous studies23, 55,56,57,58. See also Supplementary Tables 1–3
