Fig. 5
Bile acid concentrations and composition in pups is dependent on age but not peripartum antibiotics. a Principal component analysis (PCA) of the serum bile acid profile and b total mean concentration of bile acids and distribution of conjugated and unconjugated primary and secondary bile acids, respectively in dams and pups. c Temporal and treatment-induced changes in serum bile acid concentrations are visualized in a heatmap based on average row z-scores across all groups of samples and shown for pups at 2 weeks (P2W), pups at 4 weeks (P4W), pups at 14 weeks (P14W) and dams 4 weeks after delivery (D4W). d Heatmap of the mean abundance (row z-score) of the individual bile acids in colon content from pups at 4 weeks. e PCA plot of the colon bile acid profiles (P4W). In panel b significant differences in total bile acid concentrations are indicated: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 and in panel c–d: FDR-adjusted p values compared to the CTR group are shown: *q < 0.05; **q < 0.01. Serum and colonic bile acid concentrations were auto-scaled before PCA to accommodate for highly abundant bile acids and associated loading plots for the PCA plots are shown in supplementary Fig. 6
