Fig. 3
From: Mimicry in viceroy butterflies is dependent on abundance of the model queen butterfly
Viceroy populations with fewer queens have greater levels of volatile phenolic chemical defensive compounds. Viceroys sampled from northern Florida populations contain higher levels of volatile phenolic compounds than do southern Florida viceroy populations (a, b total volatile phenolics; c, d salicylaldehyde; e, f benzaldehyde) (N = 64 samples). For box plots, horizontal lines in boxes indicate the first, second, and third quartiles and whiskers show the extreme upper and lower observed values within 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR). Circles in boxplots show observed values beyond 1.5× IQR
