Fig. 4
From: Mimicry in viceroy butterflies is dependent on abundance of the model queen butterfly
Viceroy populations with fewer queens are easier to learn to avoid and harder to forget for predators. a, b Mantid predators learn to avoid viceroys from northern Florida faster than they learn to avoid viceroys from southern Florida (N = 64). c, d Mantid predators’ memory retention is shorter when experienced with viceroys from southern Florida than when experienced with viceroys from northern Florida (N = 64). For box plots, horizontal lines in boxes indicate the first, second, and third quartiles and whiskers show the extreme upper and lower observed values within 1.5 times the interquartile range
