Table 1 Queen abundance predicts viceroy chemical defense

From: Mimicry in viceroy butterflies is dependent on abundance of the model queen butterfly

 

Compound

Parameter estimate

df

F

p

Nonvolatiles

Total nonvolatile phenolics

−0.8

5.584

95.276

0.0001

 

Salicin

−0.083

6.373

23.564

0.0024

 

Salicortin

−0.191

8.369

17.608

0.0027

 

Tremulacin

−0.519

6.251

72.64

0.0001

Volatiles

Total volatile phenolics

−0.3

5.843

81.144

0.0001

 

Salicylaldehyde

−0.234

5.731

81.751

0.0001

 

Benzaldehyde

−0.07

6.29

48.074

0.0001

  1. Values are results of linear mixed-models testing the effect of queen abundance on viceroy phenolic chemical defenses