Table 2 Queen larval host plant abundance predicts viceroy chemical defense

From: Mimicry in viceroy butterflies is dependent on abundance of the model queen butterfly

 

Compound

Parameter estimate

df

F

p

Nonvolatiles

Total nonvolatile phenolics

−0.552

61

142.611

<0.0001

 

Salicin

−0.055

6.02

19.45

0.0045

 

Salicortin

−0.134

6.011

30.696

0.0015

 

Tremulacin

−0.363

62

134.926

<0.0001

Volatiles

Total volatile phenolics

−0.221

6.009

380.08

<0.0001

 

Salicylaldehyde

−0.173

6.011

341.74

<0.0001

 

Benzaldehyde

−0.049

62

64.776

<0.0001

  1. Values are results of linear mixed-models testing the effect of white twinevine abundance on viceroy phenolic chemical defenses