Fig. 3

Frequency density distributions of seeds/seedlings with increasing DTNCT at different seed‒seedling transition stages in each fragment type (a‒d). Black, gray, blue, and red curves represent the frequency density distributions of the removed seeds (containing both the intact and destroyed seeds at the seed-dispersal stage), intact seeds after dispersal and over-winter, and seeds that became surviving seedlings by the end of seed‒seedling transition experiments, respectively