Table 2 Definition of behavioral variables recorded in social groups using ANY-MAZE©.

Peck

When one bird raises its head and vigorously pecks the other bird’s body.

Grabs

When a bird catches (grabs) with their beak the neck or head region of the other bird.

Mount

While performing a grab, the bird approaches the other bird from behind, and places both feet on the dorsal surface of its torso, stepping over the other birds' tail (adapted from⁸⁴).

Cloacal contact

During mounting, the bird lifts his tail and tilts his pelvis underneath the other bird and briefly presses its cloaca against the other bird (adapted from⁸⁴).

Threats

One bird raises its head and neck rapidly, moves forward and backward vigorously in the direction of the opponent without making physical contact (adapted from⁸⁴).

Chase

A bird runs after another that is escaping (adapted from⁸⁵).

Foraging

Pecking at the ground or actively moving litter with beak.

Feeding

Peaking at food in the feeding trough.

Dust bathing

Vertical wing shakes in a lying position⁸⁶.