Fig. 4: Modular transcriptional signatures reveal pathogenic differences among TB, LAUD, and sarcoidosis.

a WGCNA cluster dendrogram based on gene expression profiles of NC, TB, LUAD, and sarcoidosis lung-tissues groups genes (n = 16,298) into distinct modules. Each leaf in the tree represents one gene, and the major branches constitute 27 modules (M1-27) labeled by different colors (column 4). The correlations of the corresponding module genes and the studied traits (TB, LUAD, and sarcoidosis) are shown (column 1–3). The modules significantly enriched for gene ontologies associated with certain biological processes (Fisher’s exact FDR ≤ 0.05) are indicated on the right. b–d Gene networks depicting the top 50 highly connected module members (hub genes) for TB-correlated gene module 4 (b), LUAD- correlated gene module 21 (c) or sarcoidosis-correlated gene module 26 (d) in WGCNA. Each gene is shown as a square node with three partitions representing log2 fold-change for TB, LUAD, and sarcoidosis as compared to NC. The lines represent correlation between the gene expression profiles of the two respective genes. The box plots of eigengene expression of each module are shown below the gene network.