Fig. 2: External foliage feeding, blotch and serpentine mining, galling, and possible armored scale insect remains (Diaspididae) on fossil and extant Agathis.
From: Persistent biotic interactions of a Gondwanan conifer from Cretaceous Patagonia to modern Malesia
a Putative blotch mine, or slot feeding, characterized by parallel sides and flaps of necrotic tissue on A. zamunerae (early Eocene, LH13, MPEF-Pb 6361). b Elongate blotch mine with breached epidermal tissue and thickened reaction rim on A. zamunerae (early middle Eocene, RP, USNM 545227). c Blotch mine, or possible slot feeding, flanked by flap of epidermal tissue on A. robusta (Queensland, Australia, (A.K. Irvine 00417 (A)). d Linear serpentine mines following leaf venation on cf. Agathis (latest Cretaceous, DT139; MPEF-Pb 9836). e Detail of frass trail in d. f Semicircular excision into the leaf margin on A. immortalis (Danian, PL2, MPEF-Pb 6091). g Shallow excision into the leaf margin with vein stringers on A. zamunerae (early Eocene, LH13, MPEF-Pb 6361). h Two adjacent excisions into the leaf margin on A. zamunerae (early/middle Eocene, RP, BAR 5002). i Two adjacent excisions into the leaf margin of A. moorei (New Caledonia, E 00106192). j Ellipsoidal gall with thickened walls surrounding unthickened epidermal tissue on A. immortalis (Danian, PL2, MPEF-Pb 9767). k Ellipsoidal gall with circular exit hole on A. ovata (New Caledonia, E 00399687). l Possible armored scale cover (Diaspididae) with concentric growth rings on A. immortalis (Danian, PL2, MPEF-Pb 5996). m Possible diaspidid scale cover on A. zamunerae, under epifluorescence (early Eocene, LH27, MPEF-Pb 6383). n Possible diaspidid scale covers on A. zamunerae, under epifluorescence (early/middle Eocene, RP, USNM 545228). o Possible diaspidid scale cover with concentric growth rings indicating two larval and an adult growth stage on A. zamunerae, under epifluorescence (middle Eocene, RP, USNM 545228). p Diaspidid scale insects that induced pit galls on A. macrophylla (Fiji, GH 01153259). q Rust fungus (Pucciniales) with aecia on a circular spot on A. zamunerae (early Eocene, LH06, MPEF-Pb 6303). r Kauri rust (Aecidium fragiforme) on A. macrophylla (Vanuatu, S.F. Kajewski 282 (K)).
