Fig. 4: qPCR analysis of cartilage-like tissues derived from BMSCs or ACh on day 21 of culture, following varying days of TGF-β1 exposure.

a qPCR from macro-pellet cultures, b qPCR from micro-pellet cultures. All values are compared with the standard 21 days of TGF-β1 exposure control (separated by the dotted line). Gene expression values represent 2−ΔCt, normalized to GAPDH. Asterisks are shown for values that are significantly lower than the corresponding 21 days of TGF-β1 exposure control. Box plots: n = 4 for each donor; *P < 0.05.