Fig. 3: Quantitative multiplex spatial immunoprofiling.

Nanostring DSP was performed to characterize >40 immunologically relevant proteins across multiple regions of interest (ROIs) in orthotopic HCC tumors treated with MTPA or RF hyperthermia. Each manually drawn circle or square represents a discrete ROI (a). There was a significant increase in myeloid cell markers such as CD11b (b) within the margin as well as the center of the ablated tumor following MTPA (b). Compared with RFA and untreated tumor, MTPA resulted in a decrease in beta-catenin expression (c). However, both ablation modalities resulted in an increased immune checkpoint expression (d). N = 20 independent measurements.