Fig. 4: Ancestral state reconstruction of PCoA data for adult and juvenile crown birds. | Communications Biology

Fig. 4: Ancestral state reconstruction of PCoA data for adult and juvenile crown birds.

From: Birds have peramorphic skulls, too: anatomical network analyses reveal oppositional heterochronies in avian skull evolution

Fig. 4

a PCo1. b PCo2. Based on ancestral values, skull network evolution shows a severe shift from Avialae (4) to Ornithurae (5) and Aves (6) as indicated in the histogram. Substituting adult crown birds with juveniles (see circles; histogram: *residual values; **original values) results in a more parsimonious evolution (see standard deviation SD), where the change from Avialae (4) to Aves (6) is rather continuous (see Supplementary Data 2 file). (1) Theropoda; (2) Coelurosauria; (3) Eumaniraptora; (4) Avialae; (5) Ornithurae; (6) Aves; (7) Neognathae; (8) Palaeognathae.

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