Table 1 Comparison of network parameters and principal coordinates between non-avian archosaurs (n = 19), juvenile and adult crown birds (both n = 41) using the Mann–Whitney U (z) and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (D) test.

From: Birds have peramorphic skulls, too: anatomical network analyses reveal oppositional heterochronies in avian skull evolution

 

Adult birds vs. NA-archosaurs

Juvenile birds vs. adult birds

Juvenile birds vs. NA-archosaurs

 

z (p)

D (p)

z (p)

D (p)

z (p)

D (p)

N

6.213 (0.000)

1.000 (0.001)

7.743 (0.000)

0.927 (0.001)

6.182 (0.000)

0.976 (0.001)

K

6.188 (0.000)

1.000 (0.001)

7.687 (0.000)

0.976 (0.001)

6.184 (0.000)

1.000 (0.001)

D

6.185 (0.000)

1.000 (0.001)

7.579 (0.000)

0.902 (0.001)

5.651 (0.000)

0.853 (0.001)

C

0.858 (0.395)

0.386 (0.026)

0.886 (0.384)

0.341 (0.021)

0.493 (0.622)

0.225 (0.427)

L

6.183 (0.000)

1.000 (0.001)

7.485 (0.000)

0.927 (0.001)

5.451 (0.000)

0.805 (0.001)

H

5.340 (0.000)

0.850 (0.001)

4.290 (0.000)

0.488 (0.001)

3.083 (0.001)

0.505 (0.002)

S

6.859 (0.000)

1.000 (0.001)

7.476 (0.000)

0.805 (0.001)

4.513 (0.000)

0.537 (0.002)

Q

5.948 (0.000)

0.902 (0.001)

5.750 (0.000)

0.659 (0.001)

2.501 (0.012)

0.266 (0.464)

Qmax

6.182 (0.000)

1.000 (0.001)

7.587 (0.000)

0.878 (0.001)

5.268 (0.000)

0.720 (0.001)

P

5.795 (0.000)

0.902 (0.001)

6.294 (0.000)

0.756 (0.001)

1.335 (0.183)

0.216 (0.503)

PCo1

6.182 (0.000)

1.000 (0.001)

7.707 (0.000)

0.927 (0.001)

5.880 (0.000)

0.846 (0.001)

PCo2

2.972 (0.004)

0.517 (0.002)

0.751 (0.456)

0.195 (0.310)

2.574 (0.010)

0.367 (0.047)

PCo3

0.779 (0.433)

0.334 (0.085)

1.493 (0.135)

0.293 (0.053)

0.509 (0.615)

0.268 (0.262)

PCo4

0.334 (0.737)

0.208 (0.511)

0.482 (0.632)

0.195 (0.361)

0.111 (0.913)

0.139 (0.931)

PCo5

1.701 (0.091)

0.347 (0.077)

0.769 (0.445)

0.146 (0.759)

2.559 (0.011)

0.420 (0.006)

PCo6

0.858 (0.388)

0.291 (0.160)

2.105 (0.033)

0.268 (0.094)

2.1463(0.015)

0.439 (0.008)

PCo7

0.445 (0.654)

0.209 (0.530)

0.269 (0.787)

0.146 (0.742)

1.143 (0.881)

0.212 (0.509)

PCo8

1.669 (0.096)

0.343 (0.059)

1.308 (0.0187)

0.244 (0.182)

2.988 (0.002)

0.440 (0.006)

PCo9

0.222 (0.819)

0.317 (0.108)

0.288 (0.773)

0.220 (0.265)

0.175 (0.868)

0.220 (0.454)

  1. P-values are given in parentheses. Tests with significant differences are shown in bold.