Table 2 Comparison of correlations of network parameters and principal coordinates against relative skull size (ratio of skull box volume) in juvenile and adult crown birds (both n = 41).

From: Birds have peramorphic skulls, too: anatomical network analyses reveal oppositional heterochronies in avian skull evolution

 

Juvenile birds

Adult birds

ANCOVA

 

Slope

R2 (p)

slope

R2 (p)

F (p)

N

−16.290

0.436 (0.000)

2.881

0.041 (0.204)

25.930 (0.000)

K

−37.930

0.454 (0.000)

4.985

0.030 (0.280)

27.380 (0.000)

D

0.054

0.258 (0.001)

−0.092

0.058 (0.120)

6.123 (0.002)

C

0.018

0.005 (0.6720)

−0.052

0.009 (0.570)

0.538 (0.466)

L

−0.690

0.347 (0.000)

0.187

0.026 (0.317)

13.830 (0.000)

H

0.165

0.297 (0.000)

0.055

0.021 (0.363)

2.363 (0.128)

S

−2.179

0.348 (0.000)

−0.149

0.006 (0.620)

12.44 (0.000)

Q

−2.068

0.286 (0.000)

1.086

0.076 (0.084)

15.550 (0.000)

Qmax

−0.130

0.325 (0.000)

0.060

0.033 (0.253)

10.300 (0.002)

P

−0.092

0.221 (0.002)

0.115

0.082 (0.073)

9.892 (0.002)

PCo1

0.106

0.487 (0.000)

−0.039

0.047 (0.174)

19.570 (0.000)

PCo2

−0.095

0.118 (0.028)

−0.112

0.045 (0.172)

0.035 (0.852)

PCo3

−0.010

0.091 (0.056)

0.037

0.006 (0.642)

0.243 (0.138)

PCo4

0.038

0.013 (0.475)

−0.097

0.040 (0.206)

2.125 (0.149)

PCo5

−0.035

0.010 (0.516)

0.051

0.011 (0.499)

0.894 (0.347)

PCo6

−0.029

0.006 (0.617)

−0.081

0.043 (0.183)

0.369 (0.545)

PCo7

−0.082

0.042 (0.200)

−0.006

0.000 (0.933)

0.715 (0.400)

PCo8

−0.036

0.011 (0.511)

−0.099

0.052 (0.151)

0.535 (0.467)

PCo9

−0.020

0.003 (0.748)

−0.018

0.002 (0.813)

0.000 (0.983)

  1. Using ordinary least square regression analysis (OLS), the correlation between trait and size is shown by the coefficient of determination R2 and a p-value for the slope. The equality of slopes for the juvenile and adult regression was tested with ANCOCA. Tests with significant differences are shown in bold.
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