Fig. 2: Predicted dynamics of realized interactions between insect pests and their host plants for Southern (left), and Northern (right) Europe under the RCP8.5 scenario.

The interaction network for Southern Europe shows that most interactions are already possible under current climate conditions. Icons show different categories of pests (from bottom to top: “fruit pests”, “arable crop pests”, “vegetable pests”, “polyphagous pests” and “forest pests”) and host plants (from left to right: “fruit crops”, “arable crops”, “vegetable crops”, “other crops” and “forest trees”). “Fruit pests”, “polyphagous pests” and “forest pests” face the highest risk. Coloured points show the time step of first potential overlap between each pair of host plant and pest. In contrast, the interaction network for Northern Europe shows that many interactions become realizable only in the second half of the current century not until 2100 (grey links). Interaction networks for other regions and RCP4.5 scenarios are shown in Supplementary Figs. 1–5. Icons are pictures licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en), the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en), Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en) or Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en). Images are available at the following URLs: Forest pests: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lymantor_coryli_(Perris,_1855)_Syn.- Triotemnus_coryli_(Perris,_1855)_(15286593562).png; Polyphagus pests: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halyomorpha_halys_s2a.jpg; Vegetable pests: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_7410_A_larva_of_Helicoverpa_armigera_the_worlds_worst_insect_pest.jpg Arable crop pests: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diabrotica_virgifera_LeConte,_1868.jpg; Apple: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manzana.svg; Pear: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pear_icon.png; Arable crop: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agriculture_-The_Noun_Project.svg; Tomato: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Twemoji_1f345.svg; Eggplant: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Twemoji_1f346.svg; Coffee: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coffee_beans_by_gnokii.svg; Forest trees: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Noun_883674_cc_Symbolon_tree_icon.svg.