Fig. 3: Network properties for European regions.

European regions (a British Isles; b Northern Europe; c Eastern Europe; d Western Europe; e Southern Europe; upper left). The graphs show properties derived from metawebs of different regions. The number of links (red), exposure, as the mean overlap area per link in percent increase (orange), host plants (green) and pests (blue) with suitable climate conditions in 5000 grid cells or more are shown per time step (2020–2100) for all regions (a–e). Scales for the links are shown on the left side, for host plants and pests on the right side on the upper panels, for exposure on the right side on the lower panels of the figure. Thin lines show the results of the single GCM predictions and the thick lines the medians of the four GCMs per scenario. Additional metrics (specialization, modularity, increasing partner diversity and increasing number of shared partners) for host plants and pests are shown in the supplementary material (Supplementary Fig. 6).