Fig. 4: Climatic suitability shift for pests and host plants.

Arrows show for each grid cell the average direction of climatic suitability shift over all species. For each species, we calculated the direction from where each newly suitable grid cell can be reached from its closest suitable grid cell in the previous time step. The length of the arrows is proportional to the number of new colonisations of each grid cell. The coloured maps show the change in total number of pests (top) and host plants (bottom) with suitable conditions during the time steps of 2020–2060 (left) and 2060–2100 (right). Red shadings indicate an increase of the number of species with suitable climate; blue shadings indicate decreasing numbers. Climatic suitability shift and change in number of species are shown for the RCP8.5 scenario (see Supplementary Fig. 11 for RCP4.5).