Fig. 2: Computational model of corolla folding in morning glory.
From: Reduction in organ–organ friction is critical for corolla elongation in morning glory
a–c von Mises stress distribution during simulation without friction (a), with friction 0.4 (b), and with friction 0.7 (c). The bars indicate the frictional areas. The friction ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 means no inhibition of growth and 1 means no growth at the restricted area. d Estimated von Mises stress distribution with friction 0.7 based on the raw cross-sectional image of the corolla folding in the off-central region, with the same color code as that in (a). e Simple experiment with a thin polypropylene sheet showing mechanical buckling when force is applied from both sides.
