Fig. 4: Brain regions showing a larger BOLD response under Active than Control TMS (univariate contrast).

We examined differences in overall BOLD response under Active (high intensity) and Control (low intensity) TMS using a mass-univariate whole-brain approach. We modelled Active and Control trials separately, and contrasted BOLD responses at the second level with paired t tests at each voxel. These results were thresholded at P < 0.0001 (FWE correction P < 0.05 at cluster level). Coordinates of peaks are given in Supplementary Table 1. Group-level analysis for the converse analysis (Control > Active) showed no significant clusters of activation. N = 20 participants. Axial slices are depicted in neurological convention (i.e., the left hemisphere is on the left-hand side of the image).