Fig. 8: The assessment of the oral microflora of the rats (n = 3 per group) treated with various formulations.

a Shannon α-diversity index and Chao 1 richness index for different groups; b Shannon α-diversity index and c Chao 1 richness normal distribution test; d PCA ordination plot of the oral microbiota in various groups, where the distance between each point indicates the difference between those samples; e Bray–Curtis principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), which indicates the β-diversity in each group; the analysis revealed that there are no significant differences among the groups based on their Bray–Curtis distances, and the PERMANOVA and ANOSIM tests have p value > 0.05 and in both cases; f the heatmap indicates the bacterial taxa found in all samples according to treatment type, and there are no significant differences in the proportions of each genus among the groups.