Fig. 6: N21Q fibrils disrupt lipid vesicles and plasma membrane.

a Membrane leakage of 500 µM DOPC:DOPG LUVs (7:3) by 50 μM oligomers and fibrils. b LDH release from INS-1E cells incubated with 50 μM fibrils and oligomers for different times. c Caspase-3 activation upon incubation of INS-1E cells with 50 μM fibrils and oligomers for different treatment times. d Representative fluorescent confocal images of CHO-K1 cells treated with Alexa Fluor-488 labelled (green) fibrils and oligomers. Cell nuclei and plasma membrane were stained in blue and red, respectively. Scale bar: 10 μm. a, b Oligomers and fibrils were assembled from monomerized peptides incubated under quiescent conditions for 15 min (oligomers) and 48 h (fibrils) at 150 µM in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4.