Fig. 4: Efficacy of C-Mn3O4 NPs in the reversal of CKD in the animal model.
From: Redox nanomedicine ameliorates chronic kidney disease (CKD) by mitochondrial reconditioning in mice
a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis curve. The darker shaded area represents the co-treatment period. b Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content. c Urinary albumin excretion as an indicator of albuminuria, a hallmark of CKD. d Serum urea concentration. e Serum creatinine level. f Body weight at the end of the experimental period. g Photographs of kidneys incised after the experimental period. h Kidney index, defined as a kidney to body weight ratio (mg g−1). i Necrosis score as per the observation of an expert clinical pathologist. j Hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver sections. Insets show a magnified image of a single glomerulus. Red arrow: segmental glomerulosclerosis; Yellow arrow: global glomerulosclerosis; Yellow dotted region: mononuclear infiltration. Scale bar: 20 µm. k Glomerular injury score (GIS). l Tubular injury score (TIS). In bar plots data were expressed as Mean ± SD. Violins depict kernel density estimation of the underlying data distribution with the width of each violin scaled by the number of observations at that Y-value. Three lines (from the bottom to the top) in each violin plot show the location of the lower quartile (25th), the median, and the upper quartile (75th), respectively. The shaded area indicates the probability distribution of the variable. Individual data points are represented as colored circles or squares (N = 10). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test was performed for comparison among the groups. The numbers inside the plots indicate numerical p values. p < 0.05 is considered significant.
