Fig. 5: Effect of C-Mn₃O₄ NPs in the protection of intracellular redox regulatory network and inhibition of anti-inflammatory response in mice.

a Extent of lipid peroxidation (MDA, malonaldehyde content) was measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). b Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. c Catalase activity. d Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. e Tumor necrosis factor-α level. f Interleukin-1β level. g Interleukin-6 level. h Immunohistochemical analysis of kidney tissues for detection of inflammatory damages. Macrophages are stained with anti-CD-68 antibodies (brown). Scale bar: 20 µm. The dotted circles indicate the regions with high CD68 positivity (i.e., macrophage infiltration). MDA, SOD, CAT, and GPx were estimated from kidney homogenate. TNF-β, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured from serum. Violins depict kernel density estimation of the underlying data distribution with the width of each violin scaled by the number of observations at that Y-value. Three lines (from the bottom to the top) in each violin plot show the location of the lower quartile (25th), the median, and the upper quartile (75th), respectively. The shaded area indicates the probability distribution of the variable. Individual data points are represented as colored circles (N = 10). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test was performed for comparison among the groups. The numbers inside the plots indicate numerical p values. p < 0.05 is considered significant.