Fig. 1: Microvalve-based DOD 3D bioprinting of pure Matrigel/cell suspensions.

a Images of the printhead cooling system. Two printheads were equipped with cooling jackets for the printing cartridges. Insulated tubing connected to a temperature-controlled water bath delivered circulating water-based cooling. An integrated temperature sensor in the cooling jacket provided temperature control. b Qualitative spatula lift-up gelling tests of Matrigel drops with increasing total protein contents as indicated in the figure. c Microscopic images of printed Matrigel/cell suspension droplets over time. Scale bar 100 µm. d Quantification of printed droplet diameter (n = 5, means ± sem). Statistics: Ordinary one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, ****p < 0.0001. e Macroscopic images of dumbbell-shaped Matrigel/cell models directly after printing at different time points of the printing process in 24-well plates on agarose substrates. Scale bar 2 mm.