Fig. 1: Forest plot of observational and Mendelian randomization analyses for the relationships of insomnia with fracture risk.

The 95% confidence interval was presented in the error bar. Model 0 was adjusted for confounders, including age, sex, body mass index, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, cognitive impairment, depression, and the use of glucocorticoid medication, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants; Model 1 = Model 0 + BMD; Model 2 = Model 0 + falls; Model 3 = Model 0 + BMD + falls. * the P-value of the intercept term. BMD bone mineral density, CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, IVW inverse-variance weighted, MR Mendelian randomization, MR-PRESSO MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, OR odds ratio.