Fig. 3: Forest plot of observational analyses for the relationships of sleep risk score with fracture risk.

The 95% confidence interval was presented in the error bar. Model 0 was adjusted for confounders, including age, education, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, and the use of glucocorticoid, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants; Model 1 = Model 0 + BMD; Model 2 = Model 0 + falls; Model 3 = Model 0 + BMD + falls. BMD bone mineral density, CI confidence interval, IVW inverse-variance weighted, MR Mendelian randomization, MR-PRESSO MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, OR odds ratio.