Fig. 1: Identification of metabolic reprogramming phenotypes (MPs) in the TCGA dataset.

a Volcano plot of differentially expressed (DE) genes between metastatic and non-metastatic samples. Red and blue represented upregulated and downregulated DE genes, respectively. b, c Functional pathways enriched with upregulated (b) and downregulated (c) DE genes. d Hierarchical clustering heatmap for all the samples based on the mRNA expression (Z-score) of the 11 DE metabolic genes (n = 394 biologically independent samples). Here, the samples were clustered into the three MPs; the one with lower expression of glycolytic genes accompany by higher lipid metabolic genes were defined as MP-I, the one with higher expression of glycolytic genes accompanied with lower lipid metabolic genes was defined as MP-III, and the other one showing intermediate mRNA expression of all metabolic genes was defined as MP-II. e Average expression of glycolytic and lipid metabolic genes across the three MPs and normal samples. Boxplots extend from the 25th to 75th percentiles, the line indicates the median, and whiskers indicate the range. f Confusion matrix for the number of metastatic samples in the different MPs. g Kaplan–Meier curves of overall survival for 122 samples obtained from treatment-naive patients with stage I LUAD.