Fig. 6: PPARα but not PPARγ is required for induction of cellular ROS and proinflammatory cytokines. | Communications Biology

Fig. 6: PPARα but not PPARγ is required for induction of cellular ROS and proinflammatory cytokines.

From: Artificial intelligence-rationalized balanced PPARα/γ dual agonism resets dysregulated macrophage processes in inflammatory bowel disease

Fig. 6

a Schematic of experimental design. TG-PMs were pre-incubated with 10 μM PPARα or PPARγ inhibitors (illustrated on the right), either alone or in combination for 30 min prior to stimulation with 100 ng/ml LPS. Cells were analyzed at 2 and 6 h to estimate cellular ROS and cytokine induction, respectively. b–d Bar graphs display the levels of cellular ROS (b), relative levels of mRNA (the target genes were normalized to 18S rRNA gene and the fold change in the mRNA expression was determined using the 2−ΔΔCt method) (c) and protein (d) expression of cytokines (IL1β, IL6, TNFα, and IL10). Statistics: Results are from three independent experiments and displayed as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons was performed to test significance. Significance: n.s, not significant, p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

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