Fig. 4: Expression of ICOS and ICOSL in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome.

a Representative minor salivary glands (mSGs) sequential sections were stained for CD3+ for T cells, CD20+ for B cells and CD138+ for plasma cells for histological identification of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in Sjögren’s syndrome salivary glands. b qPCR analysis for mRNA transcripts of icos, icosl, ltα and ccl19 in TLS+ (black dots, n = 27) and TLS− (open dots, n = 29) mSGs biopsies from Sjögren’s patients. mRNA transcripts were normalized to the housekeeping gene 18 S RNA transcripts. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, Mann–Whitney test. Data are representative as mean ± s.d. c, d Whisker plots showing icosl (c) and ccl19 (d) mRNA transcripts in dendritic cells (CD11c+), non-hematopoietic (CD45−) cells and T (CD3+) cells were sorted from primary Sjögren’s patients’ mSGs (n = 5). Data are presented as min to max, *p < 0.05, Mann–Whitney test. e–g Linear regression analysis confirms significant correlation of ltα mRNA with icos mRNA (e), ccl19 mRNA (f) and icosl mRNA (g) in mSGs biopsies of Sjögren’s patients.