Fig. 3: Benthic cyanobacteria biomass response to experimental manipulations and natural flow.

a Time-series and smoothed-state estimates (dotted lines) for the experimental site on the manipulated stream (open circles) undergoing reductions and recovery of flow (blue shades); b time-series of the upstream reach of the experimental site (squares) and the upstream reach of the control site (triangles) under natural flow conditions. Red curves in lower scale correspond to standardized smoothed-state residuals from state-space models for the experimental site and the upstream reach of the control site (the downstream reach shows a similar response to the upstream site as there is no alteration in the stream, see Table 1); dashed black lines are the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals, and stars indicate when standardized smoothed-state residuals are beyond the dashed line of confidence interval levels.