Fig. 4: Scatter and leave-one-out analyses plots for two robust results in the first round two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses and one robust result in the second round two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses.

The error bars in panels a–c indicate standard error. The error bars in panels d–f indicate the 95% confidence interval. a, d Systemic lupus erythematosus. b, e White blood cell count. c, f Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels are exposure factors, and serum copper levels are the outcome. MR Mendelian randomization.