Fig. 4: Alterations in peak alpha frequency (PAF) supportive of thalamocortical dysrhythmia in FXS patients.

The slowing of alpha oscillations have been observed across scalp potentials and intraoperative recordings and is suggestive of abnormalities in thalamocortical activity in several neuropsychiatric conditions. a Bar plots (model estimated mean ± standard error of least-squared mean estimates) comparing regional PAF by groups matched by sex. Scatter plot of observed subject-level PAF values are superimposed over model estimates. Participants with FXS (n = 70) have slower PAF across all cortical regions than controls (n = 71). b Line plots ± standard error of least-squared mean estimates comparing the within-subject distribution of PAF across posterior-anterior cortical regions. Males with FXS have a relatively even distribution of PAF across the posterior-anterior axis with no prominent central elevation as seen in matched controls. c Visualization of mean FXS-control differences of PAF by cortical node. Participants with FXS have broadly reduced PAF with the most prominent reductions in central and parietal nodes. See Supplementary Fig. 3 for node atlas. d The severity of anxiety is inversely associated with PAF. Visualization of cortex plotting age-corrected Spearman correlations in full-mutation, non-mosaic males (FM; n = 27; r(25) = −0.41 to −0.53, p ≤ 0.05). FM full mutation, FXS non-mosaic males, LO left occipital. Horizontal black bars: FDR-adjusted, post-hoc testing; *adj. p ≤ 0.05; **adj. p ≤ 0.01; ***adj. p. ≤ 1 × 10⁻⁵.