Fig. 3: Interactions with cardenolides on sequestration, respiration and musculature. | Communications Biology

Fig. 3: Interactions with cardenolides on sequestration, respiration and musculature.

From: Impacts of larval host plant species on dispersal traits and free-flight energetics of adult butterflies

Fig. 3

a Wing cardenolide content (mg/g) of adult monarchs by host plant; wing samples of individuals reared on TUB and VER did not contain cardenolides. Each box represents one milkweed species. CUR, A. curassavica; EXA, A. exaltata; HIR, A. hirtella; INC, A. incarnata; LAE, C. laeve; SPE, A. speciosa; SUL, A. sullivantii; SYR, A. syriaca; TUB, A. tuberosa; VER, A. verticillata; top horizontal bar in box represents third quartile, followed by median and first quartile; whiskers indicate data range. b Correlation of VCO2 Rest (mL/Hr/g) and adult wing cardenolide content (r2 = 0.064, F(1,86) = 5.84, P = 0.0178). c Correlation of VCO2 (mL/Hr/g) and adult wing cardenolide content (r2 = 0.050, F(1,86) = 4.56, P = 0.0357). Cardenolide values were log transformed prior to analysis. d Correlation of Flight muscle ratio and adult wing cardenolide (r2 = 0.099, F(1,86) = 9.41, P = 0.0029).

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