Fig. 2: Structural-based alteration of targeting mutants and the interaction of the retinal and carotenoid chromophores. | Communications Biology

Fig. 2: Structural-based alteration of targeting mutants and the interaction of the retinal and carotenoid chromophores.

From: Carotenoid binding in Gloeobacteria rhodopsin provides insights into divergent evolution of xanthorhodopsin types

Fig. 2

a Maximum absorption shifted of targeted mutants. b The local view of mutation position shows in the red sphere Ser 221 for the strongest red-shifted and the blue sphere for Ser 181 for the strongest blue-shifted. c UV–vis spectra of wild type, S181G, and S221G. d Purified samples in 0.02% DDM. e Comparison of proton pumping with and without carotenoid, helix E mutants showed a reduction of proton pumping enhancement as a response to lower binding ration; however, helix F mutants with higher carotenoid binding ratio disrupted the benefit of carotenoid in proton pumping, suggesting the challenge of energy transfer and light absorption.

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