Fig. 1: Proteomics analysis of plasma exosomes from the controls and sepsis-induced ALI patients.

a Scanning electron microscopy images of plasma exosomes from healthy donors and patients with ALI caused by sepsis (scale bar: 100 nm). b Concentration (particles/mL) and modal size (nm) of exosome samples according to NTA measures. Mean ± SD (n = 5), **P < 0.01. c Exosome markers, including CD63 and CD81, were analyzed using western blot analysis. d Volcano plot showing differentially expressed protein in plasma exosomes from the healthy donors compared to sepsis-induced ALI patients. e Heatmap display showing 39 differentially expressed proteins from each group of the independent samples. f Differentially expressed proteins’ subcellular locations. g Gene ontology (GO) annotation was performed to characterize the biological functions of these differentially expressed proteins. h KEGG pathway enrichment analysis in cases vs. control group.