Fig. 7: Shifts in lipogenic and glycolytic genes and lipid composition in response to different thermogenic stimuli.

a Venn diagram summary showing more accessible genes at day 1, 3, and 7 after cold exposure or CL treatment compared to Day 0 RT. The genes that are commonly more accessible after cold exposure and CL treatment from day 1 to day 7 are shown in the box. Bold font indicates the genes involved in de novo lipogenesis (DNL). b Venn diagram summary showing commonly or differentially more accessible genes after 3 or 7 days of cold exposure and CL treatment compared to Day 0 RT. c GO analysis of genes that were commonly more accessible in both cold and CL. d, e GO analysis of genes that are more accessible only in cold d or CL e. X-axis indicates number of genes. Color indicates adjusted p-value. f, g Violin and box plots showing the distribution of average gene accessibility of lipogenic genes (Acaca, Acacb, Acly, Acss2, Fasn, Scd1, Elovl6) f and glycolytic genes (Hk1, Gpi1, Pfkl, Pfkp, Gapdh, Pgk1, Pgm1, Eno1, Pkm, Ldha) (g) of fold changes after cold exposure and CL treatment compared to Day0 RT. The lower and upper hinges indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles. The horizontal line in the middle of box plot denotes the median. The mean for each day for cold and CL are connected by a line. *p-value<0.05, Welch’s two sample t-test was performed. h Relative concentration of quantified lipid species after cold exposure and CL treatment (n = 3 per group; More lipid species in Supplementary Fig. 8c). i Ratio of desaturation and elongation from lipidomics data (n = 3 per group). j, Relative proportion of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) by lipidomics analysis (n = 3 per group). k Ratio of unsaturated FA (UFA) to SFA (n = 3 per group). The slope for each cold and CL from day 1 to day 7 is calculated by a linear regression function. The p-value for the comparison of the slopes between cold and CL is indicated. l, Model for the contribution of cold temperature and CL treatment to FA metabolic process through functional accessibility changes at lipidomic genes and changes in lipid profile. *Adjusted p-value<0.05, ANOVA multiple comparisons test with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test was performed for h–j.