Table 2 Application specific properties and requirements of biofabricated muscle tissue.
Application specific requirements | Cultured meat | Biorobotic systems | Biohybrid implants | Implementation methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|
General requirements | ||||
Cost/ Resource efficiency | +++ | + | o | Structuring methods Bulk material modifications |
3D resolution and shape fidelity | o | + | +++ | Structuring methods Mechanical reinforcement Crosslinking strategies |
Size | ++ | o | ++ | Mechanical reinforcement Porosity and vascular channel integration |
Individualization | + | o | +++ | Autologous cell sourcing Native tissue imitation |
Biological requirements | ||||
Vascularization and innervation potential | o | + | +++ | Cell sourcing Porosity and vascular channel integration |
Prolonged cell viability | o | + | +++ | Cell adhesion and migration Porosity and vascular channel integration |
Controlled force output | o | +++ | + | Tissue innervation Cell adhesion and migration Mechanical stimulation for conditioning Directed force generation Porosity and vascular channel integration |
Metabolic activity | + | + | +++ | Bulk material modifications Mechanical stimulation for conditioning |
Short term biodegradation | +++ | o | o | Bulk material modifications Porosity |
