Fig. 2: Expression pattern analysis of PgURT94 and its enzymatic activity toward Rh1 and Rg1 as substrates.

a Heat-map analysis of the relative abundance of PgURT94 expression, along with PgDDS, CYP716A47, CYP716A53v2, and PgUGT71A53 in different parts of P. ginseng. b HPLC analysis of the in vitro reaction products catalyzed by PgURT94 crude enzyme using Rh1 as sugar acceptor and UDP-rhamnose as sugar donor. c HPLC analysis of the in vitro reaction products catalyzed by PgURT94 crude enzyme using Rg1 as sugar acceptor and UDP-rhamnose as sugar donor. Crude enzymes of E. coli strain harboring pET28a empty vector were used as a negative control for above assays and authentic ginsenoside samples Rh1, Rg1, Rg1, and Re were monitored as standards.