Fig. 1: Comparison of intravenous administration of hiPSC-MSCs versus intramuscular hiPSC-MSCs delivery.

To evaluate blood perfusion in the groups that received intravenous hiPSC-MSCs infusion without intramuscular hiPSC-MSCs transplantation, Laser Doppler imaging analysis was performed immediately and every week following femoral artery ligation (a). A single or repeated intravenous administration of hiPSC-MSCs in the Saline-MSC/once, Saline-MSC/week or Saline-MSC/3 days groups significantly increased blood perfusion from day 7 onwards compared with the ischemia group. Moreover, repeated intravenous hiPSC-MSCs infusion further improved blood perfusion at day 35. Nonetheless intramuscular hiPSC-MSC transplantation in the MSC-Saline group showed a superior beneficial effect over repeated intravenous hiPSC-MSC infusion in the Saline-MSC/week and Saline-MSC/3 days groups (b).