Fig. 7: PA promotes HFD-induced insulin resistance in liver cells.

a Hypothesis of the potential underlying mechanism regarding the effects of PA on the IRS/Akt signalling pathway. b Western blot analysis (and quantification) of the effects of PA (100 μM for 10 h) on insulin-stimulated p-IRS-2 and IRS2 expression in HepG2 cells. c Western blot analysis (and quantification) of the effects of PA (100 μM for 10 h) on insulin-stimulated p-IRS-1 and IRS1 expression in HepG2 cells. d Western blot analysis (and quantification) of the effects of PA (100 μM for 10 h) on insulin-stimulated p-PI3K and PI3K expression in HepG2 cells. e Western blot analysis (and quantification) of the effects of PA (100 μM for 10 h) on insulin-stimulated FOXO1 and GSK-3β expression in HepG2 cells. f Western blot analysis (and quantification) of the effects of PA (100 μM for 10 h) on insulin-stimulated p-Akt and Akt expression in HepG2 cells. g Western blot analysis (and quantification) of the effects of co-exposure to glucose and LDR (0.5 Gy) on insulin-stimulated PI3K, NFκB, mTOR, p-mTOR, p-Akt, p-p53, and p53 expression in HepG2 cells with or without glucose and LDR (0.5 Gy) treatment. GAPDH was used as the internal reference. The data are the means ± SDs. The Mann-Whitney test or two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test was used for statistical analyses. *p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference. Error bars indicate SEM (standard error of the mean). a was created by Ruixue Huang and the elements used was permitted by Biorender (https://biorender.com/) because Ruixue Huang is one of the registered user.