Fig. 3: Tuning the magnetic field frequency for wireless stimulations.

Multiple stimulations with 50 mT at 1 Hz (a, n = 32/6 (neurons/samples)), 5 Hz (b, n = 51/6), 10 Hz (c, n = 52/6), or 20 Hz (d, n = 34/6). top, Heatmap of Ca²⁺ responses in individual neurons. The cells below white dash lines were activated during stimulations. bottom, The averaged traces of fluorescence change. The light orange areas indicate the time periods of magnetic stimulation. Red line, MND group. Black line, HND group. Pink and gray area, s.e.m. e The maximum change of fluorescence at different frequencies (1 Hz, n = 32/6 (neurons/samples); 5 Hz, n = 51/6; 10 Hz n = 52/6; 20 Hz, n = 34/6). F = 1.050, p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test. f The cell activity rate of each culture sample at different frequencies (All groups, n = 6). F = 8.208, p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, Dunn post-hoc test. g PI treatments in neurons with MNDs after magnetomechanical stimulation at 10 Hz. Green, Fluo-4; Red, PI. h Quantify of live-dead assay with stimulations at different frequencies (All groups, n = 6). F = 0.003, p = 0.995 for frequency; F = 0.003, p = 0.862 for type of nanodiscs; F = 0.022, p = 0.995 for interaction between frequencies and nanodiscs, Two-way ANOVA. Error bars represent mean ± s.e.m.