Fig. 1: Types of cell death.

Passive cell death; a Necrosis is a form of death where external events induce bioenergetic failure and plasma membrane breakdown, promoting the cellular contents to be released into the extracellular space, inducing an inflammatory response. Active: Regulated cell death; b Autosis is a form of excess autophagy mediated via Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which results in swelling and plasma membrane breakdown. c Apoptosis is regulated by the transcription factor p53 and is triggered by inflammatory mediators such as TNFα that activate the apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria associated 1 (AIF). d Necroptosis is a form of controlled necrosis activated by death receptors like Toll-like and TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) that act on RIPK1 and activate necroptosome forming elements, RIPK3 and MLKL. e Pyropotosis is a form of controlled cell death mediated by inflammasome activation, and triggered by hypoxia, activating gasderminD (GSDMD) leading to nuclear translocation of the programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1). f Mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis is activated by metabolic stress which influences the opening of the permeability transition pore complex at the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes driven by the binding of cyclophilin D (CYPD). g Ferroptosis if a form of cell death that takes place under glutathione deficiency and induces an increase in cellular iron, altering the intracellular environment and causing lipid peroxidation. Created using BioRender.com.