Fig. 1: Isolation and characterization of SPEVs from boars.

a The difference in total sperm motility between the two groups. ***P ≤ 0.001 (Student’s t test), n = 12 per group. b TEM image of SPEVs. Scale bars: 200 nm. c NTA results showing that the SPEVs were approximately 20–300 nm in diameter. d Western blotting results of SPEVs. Alix, Tsg101, CD9, and CD81, which are EV markers, were expressed in isolated SPEVs, and the negative marker Calnexin was not found in our isolated SPEV samples. H-group represents high sperm motility group and L-group represents low sperm motility group.