Fig. 4: Multivariate EEG activity pattern dissimilarity (Mahalanobis distance) between upper and lower tracking trials from frontal-central channels (FC1, FC2, FC3, FC4, FC5, FC6, Cz, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6) and central-parietal channels (Cz, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, CPz, CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, and CP6).

The figure format for a–c and d–f is the same as in Fig. 2. a Difference between EEG pattern dissimilarities of valid and invalid conditions from the frontal-central channels. Neural direction discrimination was significantly better in the cue-valid than in the cue-invalid condition (two-sided cluster-based permutation test, n = 14, cluster-defining threshold \(p\) \( < \) \(0.05\), corrected significance level \(p\) \( < \) \(0.05\), 50,000 permutations). b, c EEG pattern dissimilarity from the frontal-central channels when the target contrast was 100% (blue) and when the target contrast was 12% (red). The dark-colored line (valid) and light-colored line (invalid) at the bottom of each plot show the time points where Mahalanobis distance was significantly different from zero (two-sided cluster-based permutation test, n = 14, cluster-defining threshold \(p\) \( < \) \(0.01\), corrected significance level \(p\) \( < \) \(0.01\), 50,000 permutations). d Difference between EEG pattern dissimilarities of valid and invalid conditions from the central-parietal channels. The figure format is the same as in Fig. 4a. e, f EEG pattern dissimilarity from the central-parietal channels. The format is the same as in Fig. 4b, c. The color-shaded areas denote the standard errors.