Table 1 Principles put forward by different sources to support successful ecosystem restoration and enhance resilience.
From: Future-proofing ecosystem restoration through enhancing adaptive capacity
Restoration Principles | Resilience Principles |
|---|---|
Suding et al. 201573 | Walker & Salt 200677 |
Increase ecological integrity □ | Promote and sustain diversity ☆ |
Establish long-term sustainable systems □ ○ | Embrace and work with ecological variability □ ☆ |
Learn from the past and plan for the future □ | Maintain and create modularity ○ |
Benefit and engage society □ ☆ | Acknowledge slow variables □ |
Gann et al. 201913 | Tighten the strength of feedbacks □ ○ |
Engage stakeholders □ ☆ | Strengthen social capital □ ☆ |
Draw on many types of knowledge ☆ | Emphasize innovation ☆ |
Relate to native reference ecosystems while considering environmental change □ | Create redundancy in governance ☆ |
Support ecosystem recovery processes □ ○ | Include unpriced ecosystem services □ ☆ |
Assess against clear goals using measurable indicators ○ | Biggs et al. 201278 |
Seek the highest level of recovery possible □ | Maintain diversity and redundancy ☆ |
Gain cumulative value when applied at large scales □ ○ | Manage connectivity ○ |
Design activities as part of a restorative continuum □ ☆ | Manage slow variables and feedback □ |
Gichuki et al. 201974 | Foster an understanding of social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems ○ |
Focus on landscapes □ | Encourage learning and experimentation ☆ |
Maintain and enhance natural ecosystems □ | Broaden participation ☆ |
Engage stakeholders, support participatory governance ☆ | Promote polycentric governance systems ☆ |
Tailor to local conditions □ | Carpenter et al. 201279 |
Restore multiple functions for multiple benefits ☆ | Promote diversity ☆ |
Manage adaptively for long-term resilience ○ | Create modularity ○ |
FAO, IUCN & CEM 202175 | Manage openness ○ |
Contribute to the SDGs and the Rio Conventions ☆ | Maintain reserves ○ ☆ |
Promote inclusive and participatory governance ○ ☆ | Manage feedbacks □ |
Include a continuum of restorative activities ☆ | Enable polycentric governance by nesting systems ☆ |
Benefit nature and people ○ | Conduct monitoring ○ |
Address causes of degradation □ | Promote leadership and trust ☆ |
Integrate different types of knowledge ☆ | |
Establish well-defined and measurable goals ○ | |
Tailor to local contexts while considering the larger landscape □ | |
Include management and monitoring ○ | |
Ensure an enabling policy environment ○ |
