Fig. 4: Evolutionary dynamics of LTRs.

a Histogram of intact LTR insertions in R. nobile (top), Ru. hastalutus (middle) and F. tataricum (bottom). b Time-calibrated phylogeny of Rheum and its close relatives Rumex and Oxyria with the proliferation of LTRs labeled with red shapes. c Proportion of intact LTR insertions within the coding region of annotated genes and downstream (5 kb) or upstream (5 kb) of annotated genes in R. nobile (Rhno) and Ru. hastalutus (Ruha). d LTR insertions were enriched in the flanking regions of coding sequences (1 kb) in Rhno but not in Ruha. e, f Violin plots of the divergences (log10 transformed) between gene pairs at expression and tissue specificity levels (Wilcoxon rank sum test). Boxplots represent the median, 25th, and 75th percentile, respectively.