Fig. 4: Results from disk diffusion tests using E. coli and 28 selected new AMEs.

Panels a–g show the mean inhibition zone diameter difference [mm] between clones carrying new AMEs (n = 3 for each gene and antibiotic) and susceptible controls (n = 6 for each antibiotic) for seven different aminoglycosides: amikacin (AK 30 µg), gentamicin (CN 30 µg), kanamycin (K 30 µg), neomycin (N 30 µg), netilmicin (NET 10 µg), spectinomycin (SH 25 µg), and tobramycin (TOB 30 µg). Individual data points are presented in Supplementary Fig. 6. Significantly increased growth (p-value < 0.01, one-sided two-sample t-test) is denoted by an asterisk above the bar, with red asterisks indicating a resistance level beyond the clinical breakpoint (amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin) or ECOFF (neomycin). Standard deviations are displayed as error bars. Panel h shows an overview of the tested antibiotic resistance genes and the aminoglycoside(s) that each gene conferred significantly increased resistance to, with asterisks denoting clinical levels of resistance.