Fig. 4: Comparison of mechanisms evolved in several types of eukaryotes to mitigate photosynthetic oxidative stress.

The figure highlights mechanisms other than ROS scavenging and compares them among eukaryotes that feed on algae (i.e., prey-predator interactions), engage in kleptoplasty or photosymbiosis, or possess innate primary or complex chloroplasts (i.e., algae and plants). Related mechanisms are assigned the same Roman numeral. Details and relevant references are provided in Supplementary Table 1. L, D, LL, HL, and KP indicate light, dark, low light, high light, and kleptoplasts, respectively.